Synthesis Matrix 1-10

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ytAfshlt7hPZaHrAKXsjKpQqK6kZOrhruptcGvcE3P8/edit?usp=sharing

CHS 211 Presentation Video (Extra Credit)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfcMET-R9H8

CHS 211 Antibiotic Resistance Presentation

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1RSMZ-MLzOmgqqKZ98esKr7ah8DIUTnxwdlYdxRD6L8g/edit?usp=sharing

Abstract of Lit. Review

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mlqgax3SQ8ViSgrd2SGlPIdeuIoOSpS55rpv_tbxrPI/edit?usp=sharing

Conclusion of Lit. Review

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RebH9Oa3Kg1s-sMkB1jLyDQsUfA9-UjPf4kLCoZUlgU/edit?usp=sharing

Final Draft of the Lit. Review

https://docs.google.com/document/d/11QzukqCU9QmgMa6f8JJQqqgUWDO-1nooK2mmtWubegg/edit?usp=sharing

Redo Hello Post, Explaining Project, and Chapter Annotation Voice Recordings

https://sites.google.com/site/nickkerrstechnicalwritingblog/

This link will direct you to all voice recordings done in this course. They're all labeled in blue on the left side of the page.

Introduction Section Link

Second Writing Center Appointment

First Writing Center Appointment

Discussion Section of Lit. Review

Discussion

Methods Section of the Literature Review

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UJpw7KD_E6J-zjM_PoTSvC8jngnLVjoHQohxlfoDo1U/edit#

Due 3/17

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lxpaUIWScgvIicyDNh2nZfgQAZ1vs1IkAgZ28L1Uwss/edit?usp=sharing

Synthesis Articles 1-5 (Antibiotic Resistance)

Article #1

1.  Gould, I.M. (1999). A review of the role of antibiotic policies in the control of antibiotic resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 43(4), 459-465. Retrieved February 6, 2017, from https://academic.oup.com/jac/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/43.4.459.

2. Policy

3. The authors used policy to illustrate how effectively policy on antibiotics may increase the effectiveness and how much it can decrease resistance against pathogens. They use Policy, because so far it seems to be the most effective way to rid the issue of antibiotic resistance. This method allows the researchers to expose the real things that cause this resistance, the people taking them.

4. This article concluded with the emphasis on regulating antibiotic usage if the fight against resistance should continue. With the increasing amount of resistance and usage of antibiotics it's evident that there must be policies made in the public health and medical field surrounding antibiotics.

5. One interesting thing I encountered with this article was in their clinical studies they noticed a lot of subjects with antibiotic resistance against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The reason I found this interesting is because a few years back I also had this bacterium and it had also become resistant to lots of antibiotics I was taking, and took many courses of antibiotics to rid this bacterium.

Article #2

1. Tomson, G., & Vlad, I. (2014). The need to look at antibiotic resistance from a health systems perspective. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 119(2), 117-124. doi:10.3109/03009734.2014.902879

2. Participatory Action

3. The authors used participatory actions in this research in effort to educate the people taking these antibiotics, so they can eliminate the health issues associated with antibiotic resistance. They chose to go about participatory action, because the researchers believe the root of this issue lies with education of subjects and patients.

4. The conclusion of this study was not to center the focus on the medical field or the creation of new antibiotics, but to center the attention on the patients taking these antibiotics. By comparing lower, middle, and upper class patients it can be noticed the differences in the education of the antibiotics they're taking. The researchers want to make ways for people with low economic status to still be able to have the resources they need in order to educate themselves on public health.

5. An interesting thing I found with this study was the lower economic status patients were the ones facing more infections and viruses resistant to antibiotics. At first this didn't make sense to me; How could how much money you make determine whether or not bacteria will become resistant to antibiotics? If you look closer into this study it makes sense. The people with lower economic statuses have less access to resources and education regarding public health, compared to those of middle and higher economic statuses.

Article #3

1. Orencia,M. C., Yoon, J. S., Ness, J. E., Stemmer, W. C., & Stevens, R. C. (2001). Predicting the emergence of antibiotic resistance by directed evolution and structural analysis. Nature Structural Biology, 8(3), 238.

2. Activity Theory

3. The authors use this method by predicting what pathogens will become resistant to antibiotics through a series of different experiments, and knowledge based off the evolution of pathogens. They use this research to predict future resistance among pathogens based off their evolution patterns.

4. The conclusion of this study was that natural selection doesn’t rule out all possible combinations of mutations at random, but rather in a series of steps; each step leading to a phenotype that is more fit than the last. The appearance of mutations in antibiotic resistance genes is selected for by the use of antibiotics in clinical settings.

5. One aspect of this study that I found was interesting was that the fact that scientists were able to predict when pathogens would become resistant to certain antibiotics. They were able to predict there natural selection patterns, and I would’ve never thought of this way of thinking until reading this study.

Article #4

1. Guillamet, C. V., Vazquez, R., Noe, J., Micek, S. T., & Kollef, M. H. (2016). A cohort study of bacteremic pneumonia: The importance of antibiotic resistance and appropriate initial therapy? Medicine, 95(35), e4708. http://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004708

2. Cohort Study

3. The authors use cohort study in this article by comparing patients with Bacteremic pneumonia to those with typical antibiotic resistant pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae. This study enables them to study agents that aren’t resistant to antibiotics yet, and watch the process on how they become resistant; so they can put an end to this epidemic. The reason these researches began this type of research was to lower mortality rates in antibiotic resistant infections and viruses.

4. The conclusion of this study was that most patients died to Bacteremic pneumonia during hospitalization. With these findings though, researchers were able to compare and contrast the process of antibiotic resistance between Bacteremic pneumonia and antibiotic resistant pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae. These findings support the importance of timely appropriate antibiotic treatment to optimize clinical outcomes regardless of the antibiotic resistant pathogen causing bacteremic pneumonia.

5. Something I found interesting in this study were the amount of people dying during this study. It opened my eyes to see how much mortality goes on during clinical studies, and especially during the study I’m centering my literature review around.

Article #5

1. Littmann, J., Buyx, A., & Cars, O. (2015). Antibiotic resistance: An ethical challenge. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 46(4), 359-361. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.010

2. Policy

3. The authors approach this method of policy by examining the emergence of multidrug resistant infections and infectious disease control, and the protection of all public’s health. They also examine the issue with both the overuse and lack of access to antibiotics. The authors also use policy in the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and how issues may arise. Then they end their study with the failing of effectiveness of antibiotics and the well being of future generations.

4. The authors concluded that this issue of antibiotic resistance isn’t brought up enough and is a serious clinical issue that needs to be taken care of. They believe that not only patients, but physicians and professional people working in the clinical field should be much more educated on the antibiotics they are taking and prescribing.

5. One interesting thing I found about this study is the fact that using antibiotics in the veterinary medicine field could become a serious issue. If animals start becoming immune to certain pathogens due to antibiotic resistance this can cause a possible outbreak of new infections and diseases in the human environment which could be responsible for serious clinical issues for future generations.

Journal #1/Choosing a Topic

When trying to figure a topic for my paper I couldn't help, but constantly think of "Antibiotic Resistance". Ever since becoming a Public Health major it's always a topic that has interested me, so I had no doubt that this was the topic I would love to research, and describe it's effect of Public Health. I chose to start my research with this article, because it's an article that interested me last semester in my Intro to Public Health course. I plan on pursuing other articles from here.